These computed prediction errors are represented by red arrows and are transferred within and between layers, ascending to the level above. Our prior predictions are not always accurate-thus generating a prediction error. The system is split into five separate levels in which descending predictions (blue arrows) are transferred within the same level and to the level below. The main figure on the right depicts a simple hierarchy that is assumed to incorporate a predictive coding encoding strategy. Neuronal architecture underpinning hierarchical predictive processing. Accordingly, it is proposed that a loss of certainty or confidence in control predictions in response to persistent detection of prediction error features as a common foundation for the conscious experience of both pathological and nonpathological fatigue.Īllostasis Exercise Fatigue Interoception Metacognition Predictive processing. Here, drawing on the metacognitive theory of dyshomeostasis, we extend this account to offer an explicit description of the development of fatigue during extended periods of (physical) exertion. Although acute, transient subjective symptoms of exertional fatigue have also been associated with increasing interoceptive prediction error, the dynamic computations that underlie its development have not been clearly defined. The metacognitive theory of dyshomeostasis (Stephan et al., 2016) states that pathological fatigue emerges from the metacognitive mechanism in which the detection of persistent mismatches between prior interoceptive predictions and ascending sensory evidence (i.e., prediction error) signals low evidence for internal generative models, which undermine an agent's feeling of mastery over the body and is thus experienced phenomenologically as fatigue. Within the clinical neurosciences, nascent frameworks position pathological fatigue as a product of inference derived through hierarchical predictive processing. Yet, pathological (i.e., prolonged or chronic) and transient (i.e., exertional) fatigue symptoms are traditionally considered distinct, compounding a separation between interested research fields within the study of fatigue. Fatigue is a common experience in both health and disease.
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